内容转自：专筑网由专筑网李韧，邢子编译© ArchDaily从古至今的12种建筑风格The Characteristics of 12 Architectural Styles From Antiquity to the Present Day历史常常呈线性发展，但这种发展方式却会遗漏一些重要的历史事件，而这些事件主要集中在西方世界。
我们都明白应该从一个现象去追本溯源，这能够帮助我们更广泛地了解多年来的发展成果。
在建筑历史中，随着时间的流逝，我们应该理解其中所发生的核心运动，亦或是前一个事件所导致的结果。
因此，我们总结了当前为止最具影响力的建筑风格与运动。
History has often been taught in a linear way. This way of teaching has often left out grand historical narratives, and focused primarily on the occidental world.However, it is also known that to understand how one phenomenon leads to another, it can help to create a broad overview of what humanity has produced over the years. In the history of architecture, it is interesting to understand the central movements and consecrated styles that emerged over time as reactions, that is, continuities or ruptures, in relation to what had been produced so far. Therefore, we present some of the most influential architectural styles and movements in history, its features, and singularities.© Kristoffer Trolle via VisualHunt.com / CC BY古典主义古典主义建筑于公元前7世纪至4世纪诞生，起源于古希腊，作品主要为大型石制宗教寺庙，其设计原则遵循一定的柱式、对称、几何以及透视形态，而最为显著的特征则是建筑柱式的表达，即多立克、爱奥尼、科林斯三种柱式。
古典主义作品的代表是古希腊的帕提农神庙，雅典卫城建造于公元前5世纪，其中的帕提农神庙有着如下特征，即建筑体量和柱式完美地融合，并且相互支撑。
ClassicClassical architecture was constructed in Ancient Greece between the 7th and 4th century BC. It is best known for its large religious temples built in stone, designed from principles of order, symmetry, geometry, and perspective. A notable characteristic of its expressiveness are the principles of the “architectural orders”: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The greatest work of Classical architecture is the Parthenon. Built in the Acropolis of Athens in the 5th century BC, the Parthenon exhibits striking characteristics: a volume built upon a foundation that supports the sequence of columns and its capitals, which, in turn, support a pediment.© Luis Miguel Bugallo Sánchez, via Wikimedia. License CC BY-SA 3.0罗马式这种风格起源于公元后6至9世纪，其风格的发展与历史背景息息相关。
在当时，欧洲国家都处于战争时期，而这些建筑则受到了古代罗马时期建筑的启发，为了防止他国的入侵，因此都有着厚厚的墙体，入口呈拱形，其代表建筑是一些教堂，例如位于西班牙的Santiago de Compostela教堂，它在十字军东征期间建造而成，是此类风格的一大代表。
RomanesqueDeveloped in Europe between the 6th and 9th centuries, this architectural style has a great relation to its historical context. In a period when European countries were at war and worried about protecting against invasions, the buildings, inspired by the Republic of Ancient Rome, were characterized by heavy and resistant walls and minimal openings in semicircular arches. Its main exemplars were the churches built during this period, and one of its most important works is the Santiago de Compostela Cathedral in Spain. It was built during the Crusades, and it is the greatest product of this style. © Johan Bakker, via Wikimedia. License CC BY-SA 3.0哥特式我们现在所熟知的哥特式风格在当时也被称为“Opus Francigenum”或“法国作品”，此类风格起源于中世纪晚期的法国。
在启蒙运动期间，哥特式风格建筑主要指代那些具有垂直上升感的建筑，主要为教堂，这些教堂都有着高高向上的肋形拱架，而许多哥特式建筑都被联合国教科文组织列入世界遗产名录，例如巴黎圣母院和兰斯大教堂。
GothicWhat we now know as Gothic architecture was originally named Opus Francigenum, or “French work,” as it originated in the Late Middle Ages in France, between the years 900 and 1300. It was only during the Enlightenment that the name “Gothic” came about to refer to the vertical and majestic architecture produced in that period. The main Gothic works are related to ecclesiastical buildings -- churches and cathedrals with ogival arches and rib vaults. Most Gothic buildings are considered UNESCO World Heritage sites, such as the Notre Dame Cathedral and Reims Cathedral.© Alessio Damato, via Wikimedia. License CC BY-SA 3.0巴洛克巴洛克风格起源于16世纪的欧洲，主要体现在宗教建筑中，建筑师们通过复杂的装饰元素来表达建筑特征，特别是光影之间的对比，巴洛克建筑的结构要素同样也用作装饰，其中的经典例子为罗马Gesù教堂，其立面系统是真正意义上的巴洛克风格。
BaroqueBeginning in the 16th century under a Monarchist regime in Europe, Baroque architecture can also be seen in religious buildings. Making use of ornaments and elements that sought to establish a dramatic sense -- especially by contrasting light and dark -- Baroque architecture viewed structural elements as platforms for decoration. One of the early exemplars of this style is the Church of Gesù in Rome, which boasts the first truly Baroque façade.© Avda, via Wikimedia. License CC BY-SA 3.0新古典主义18世纪，新古典主义推崇者们希望复兴古代罗马与希腊风格的建筑，这些建筑有着强烈的社会与经济的背景相关性，在欧洲工业革命期间，欧洲的中产阶级及上流社会开始了对于古典作品的全面了解。
欧洲的文艺复兴形成了趋于理性的建筑风格，同时也是对于巴洛克建筑的呼应，该运动一直持续到19世纪，并且在各个国家均有出现。
NeoclassicalFrom the 18th century onwards, Neoclassical architecture sought to revive Classical Greek and Roman buildings. Its expression is strongly related to its social and economic context, the Industrial Revolution in Europe, and a period in which upper-middle-class students began the Grand Tour tradition -- traveling around the world and coming into contact with ancient works. The revival of European cultural production brought an architecture oriented toward rational symmetry as a response to Baroque architecture. This movement continued until the 19th century and was manifested in various countries.© Eric Baetscher, via Wikimedia. License CC BY-SA 3.0学院派这种风格于19世纪30年代中期起源于巴黎美术学院，在这种风格中，诸如法国新古典主义、哥特式风格、文艺复兴等作品的特征均包含在内，另外，此类建筑甚至还结合了诸如玻璃和铁等现代材料。
虽然学院派风格主要应用于法国，但同样对美国建筑产生了深远的影响，诸如“高层建筑之父”沙利文的作品也深受其影响。
在欧洲，其代表作品是巴黎大皇宫，而在美国的代表作则是纽约中央车站。
Beaux-ArtsThis academic style originated in the Fine Arts School in Paris in the mid-1830s. It established a language that referred to other periods, such as French Neoclassicism, Gothic architecture, and the Renaissance, however, it also employed contemporary materials such as glass and iron. Although it emerged in France, this style influenced American architecture and served as a reference to architects such as Louis Sullivan, “the father of the skyscraper." The buildings from this movement exhibit sculptural ornamentation blended with modern lines. In Europe, an important example is the Grand Palais in Paris, and, in the United States, the Grand Central Terminal in New York.© Moonik, via Wikimedia. License CC BY-SA 3.0新艺术运动新艺术运动不仅就建筑而言，甚至还引申到绘画、家具、平面设计等方面，同时这是对欧洲折中主义的一大对抗，新运动艺术主要通过其装饰性元素呈现在建筑之中，在其中，建筑由弯曲的弧线进行装饰，其设计灵感